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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes of organisms can lead to their development over time. This includes the evolution of new species and the change in appearance of existing ones.

This is evident in numerous examples such as the stickleback fish species that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that prefer particular host plants. These are mostly reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in basic body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all the living creatures that inhabit our planet for centuries. The most widely accepted explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well-adapted. As time passes, a group of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually forms a whole new species.

Natural selection is a cyclical process that involves the interaction of three factors including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity within the species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of a person's genetic traits, including both dominant and recessive genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished through sexual or asexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all these elements are in equilibrium. For instance, if the dominant allele of the gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele, the dominant allele will be more common within the population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or lowers the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self reinforcing meaning that the organism with an adaptive trait will survive and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive trait. The higher the level of fitness an organism has, measured by its ability reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it can produce. People with desirable traits, such as longer necks in giraffes and bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely to be able to survive and create offspring, which means they will make up the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection only affects populations, not individual organisms. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits through usage or inaction. If a giraffe expands its neck in order to catch prey, and the neck becomes longer, then the offspring will inherit this trait. The difference in neck length between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck gets too long to no longer breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed in a population. In the end, one will attain fixation (become so common that it cannot be eliminated through natural selection) and other alleles will fall to lower frequency. In the extreme it can lead to a single allele dominance. The other alleles are virtually eliminated and heterozygosity been reduced to zero. In a small population this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive gene. This scenario is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that takes place when a lot of individuals migrate to form a new population.

A phenotypic bottleneck could occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an epidemic or a massive hunting event, are condensed into a small area. The survivors will carry an dominant allele, and will have the same phenotype. This may be caused by a war, earthquake or even a disease. The genetically distinct population, if it remains, could be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected values due to differences in fitness. They provide a well-known instance of twins who are genetically identical, have identical phenotypes but one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other lives and reproduces.

This kind of drift can be vital to the evolution of a species. This isn't the only method of evolution. The main alternative is to use a process known as natural selection, in which the phenotypic diversity of the population is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens argues that there is a significant difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and treating other causes of evolution like mutation, selection and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal-process account of drift allows us separate it from other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has a direction: that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. He also claims that it also has a size, that is determined by population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is generally referred to as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms through the inheritance of traits that result from the organism's natural actions use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with an image of a giraffe extending its neck to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This would cause the longer necks of giraffes to be passed on to their offspring who would grow taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his inaugural lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he presented an original idea that fundamentally challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. In his opinion living things evolved from inanimate matter through an escalating series of steps. Lamarck wasn't the first to suggest this, but he was widely regarded as the first to give the subject a thorough and general explanation.

The popular narrative is that Lamarckism was an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection, and that the two theories fought out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won and led to the creation of what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies the possibility that acquired traits can be inherited, and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, like natural selection.

While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries spoke of this idea however, it was not an integral part of any of their theories about evolution. This is partly because it was never scientifically validated.

But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and, in the age of genomics, there is a large amount of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a variant of evolution that is as relevant as the more popular Neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle to survive. In fact, this view misrepresents natural selection and ignores the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The struggle for survival is more effectively described as a struggle to survive within a particular environment, which could be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but also the physical environment.

Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to understand evolution. Adaptation is any feature that allows a living thing to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical structure like feathers or fur. It could also be a characteristic of behavior, like moving into the shade during the heat, or escaping the cold at night.

The ability of a living thing to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments is essential to its survival. The organism must have the right genes to produce offspring, and it must be able to locate sufficient food and other resources. In addition, the organism should be capable of reproducing itself in a way that is optimally within its environment.

These elements, in conjunction with mutation and gene flow result in a change in the proportion of alleles (different forms of a gene) in the population's gene pool. This change in allele frequency can lead to the emergence of new traits and eventually, new species over time.

Many of the features that we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, such as the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation and long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage for hiding. To understand the concept of adaptation, it is important to distinguish between behavioral and physiological traits.

Physiological adaptations, such as the thick fur or gills are physical characteristics, whereas behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to seek out friends or to move to shade in hot weather, are not. It is important to note that the absence of planning doesn't make an adaptation. Inability to think about the effects of a behavior even if it appears to be rational, could make it unadaptive.